What are the seven components of criticisms?

What are the seven components of criticisms?

1. Source and funding of research
2. Who had contact with the participants
3. Sample and sampling procedure
4. Exact measures / wording of questions
5. Study setting
6. Pre-existing differences among participants
7. Extent or size of effects/differences

A researcher selects a sample of 100 people to investigate the relationship between gender (male/female) and registering to vote. The sample consists of 40 females, of whom 30 are registered voters, and 60 males, of whom 40 are registered voters. If these data were used for a chi-square test for independence, what is the expected frequency for registered females?

A researcher selects a sample of 100 people to investigate the relationship between gender (male/female) and registering to vote. The sample consists of 40 females, of whom 30 are registered voters, and 60 males, of whom 40 are registered voters. If these data were used for a chi-square test for independence, what is the expected frequency for registered females?

a. 42
b. 12
c. 40
d. 28


Answer: d. 28

A chi-square test for independence has df = 2. What is the total number of categories (cells in the matrix) that were used to classify individuals in the sample?

A chi-square test for independence has df = 2. What is the total number of categories (cells in the matrix) that were used to classify individuals in the sample?

a. 2
b. 4
c. 3
d. 6


Answer: d. 6

What is stated by the null hypothesis for the chi-square test for independence?

What is stated by the null hypothesis for the chi-square test for independence?

a. Both variables have the same frequency distribution.
b. There is a relationship between the two variables.
c. There is no relationship between the two variables.
d. The two variables have different frequency distributions.


Answer: c. There is no relationship between the two variables.

Which of the following accurately describes the chi-square distribution?

Which of the following accurately describes the chi-square distribution?

a. Symmetrical with a mean of zero.
b. Positively skewed with all values greater than or equal to zero.
c. Symmetrical with a mean equal to n - 1.
d. Negatively skewed with all values greater than or equal to zero.


Answer: b. Positively skewed with all values greater than or equal to zero.

Which of the following accurately describes the observed frequencies for a chi-square test?

Which of the following accurately describes the observed frequencies for a chi-square test?

a. They can contain both positive and negative values.
b. They can contain fractions and negative numbers.
c. They are always whole numbers.
d. They can contain fractions or decimal values.


Answer: c. They are always whole numbers.

Which of the following accurately describes the expected frequencies for a chi-square test?

Which of the following accurately describes the expected frequencies for a chi-square test?

a. They can contain fractions and negative numbers.
b. They can contain fractions or decimal values.
c. They can contain both positive and negative values.
d. They are always whole numbers.


Answer: b. They can contain fractions or decimal values.

What is referred to by the term observed frequencies?

What is referred to by the term observed frequencies?

a. The frequencies that are hypothesized for the population being examined.
b. The frequencies computed from the null hypothesis.
c. The frequencies found in the population being examined.
d. The frequencies found in the sample data.


Answer: d. The frequencies found in the sample data.

If there is a negative correlation between X and Y then the regression equation, Y = bX + a will have ________.

If there is a negative correlation between X and Y then the regression equation, Y = bX + a will have ________.

a. b < 0
b. b > 0
c. a < 0
d. a > 0


Answer: a. b < 0

A set of X and Y scores has SSX = 10, SSY = 20, and SP = 8. What is the slope for the regression equation?

A set of X and Y scores has SSX = 10, SSY = 20, and SP = 8. What is the slope for the regression equation?

a. 10/8
b. 8/20
c. 20/8
d. 8/10

Answer: d. 8/10

For the regression equation Y = 2X - 1, if the mean for X is MX = 8, what is the mean for Y?

For the regression equation Y = 2X - 1, if the mean for X is MX = 8, what is the mean for Y?

a. 15
b. 7
c. 4.5
d. Impossible to determine.


Answer: a. 15

In the general linear equation, Y = bX + a, what is the value of b called?

In the general linear equation, Y = bX + a, what is the value of b called?

a. slope
b. correlation between X and Y
c. Y intercept
d. X intercept


Answer: a. slope

Under what circumstances, should the Spearman correlation be used?

Under what circumstances, should the Spearman correlation be used?

a. The Pearson is too difficult to compute.
b. The researcher's primary interest is the linearity of the relationship.
c. The original data are measured on an ordinal scale of measurement.
d. All of the other options are appropriate circumstances for the Spearman correlation.


Answer: c. The original data are measured on an ordinal scale of measurement.

The Pearson and the Spearman correlations are both computed for the same set of data. If the Pearson correlation is r = +1.00, then what can you conclude about the Spearman correlation?

The Pearson and the Spearman correlations are both computed for the same set of data. If the Pearson correlation is r = +1.00, then what can you conclude about the Spearman correlation?

a. It will have a value of 1.00
b. It will be positive and have a value of 1.00
c. There is no predictable relationship between the Pearson and the Spearman correlations.
d. It will be positive.


Answer: b. It will be positive and have a value of 1.00

Suppose the correlation between height and weight for adults is +0.80. What proportion (or percent) of the variability in weight can be explained by the relationship with height?

Suppose the correlation between height and weight for adults is +0.80. What proportion (or percent) of the variability in weight can be explained by the relationship with height?

a. 80%
b. 100 - 80 = 20%
c. 64%
d. 40%


Answer: c. 64%

What is the value of SP for the following set of data?

What is the value of SP for the following set of data?

x y
1 5
3 3
8 1

a. 14
b. -14
c. -158
d. -11


Answer: b. -14

A Pearson correlation of r = +0.85 indicates that a graph of the data would show:

A Pearson correlation of r = +0.85 indicates that a graph of the data would show:

a. points clustered close to a line that slopes up to the right.
b. points widely scattered around a line that slopes up to the right.
c. points widely scattered around a line that slopes down to the right.
d. points clustered close to a line that slopes down to the right.


Answer: a. points clustered close to a line that slopes up to the right.